22 min read
Brain Health: How to Reduce your Risk of Alzheimer’s and Age-Related Cognitive Decline.
Author: Cliff Harvey, Clinical Nutritionist & Researcher (PhD, DipFit, DipNat)
Clinical Nutritionist & Researcher (PhD, DipFit, DipNat)
More by authorThe ageing global population has people questioning now, more than ever before, how they can prevent cognitive decline. Clinical Nutritionist and Researcher Cliff Harvey, discusses how we can optimise our brain health to reduce the risk of developing age-related brain conditions below.
In my clinical practice, we periodically survey our clients on the health conditions or outcomes that most concern them. In the early years, we would consistently hear that the biggest concern was quite simply, weight.
Now though, weight and body fat have fallen behind brain health and day-to-day energy as major client concerns.
This is unsurprising given the rising incidence of the neurodegenerative conditions Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, and other diseases that affect the brain and central nervous system.
What are ‘neurodegenerative disorders’?
Neurodegeneration is the progressive damage and destruction of neurons (brain and nervous systems cells) and/or components of those cells.
This breakdown of cells results in age-related cognitive decline and in more serious cases the common neurodegenerative disorders; dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (known as Lou Gehrig’s disease) and Huntington’s disease.
According to Alzheimer’s Disease International, someone in the world develops dementia every three seconds. Additionally, over 50 million people now live with dementia worldwide and this number is expected to double every 20 years.
Neurodegenerative disorders cause progressive disability, incurring a loss of cognition, memory and physical function.
Survival times are also typically short—for example, the average survival time post-diagnosis for Alzheimer’s disease is only three to nine years.
What causes cognitive decline?
Neurodegenerative disorders and age-related cognitive decline are both inherited (genetic) and also result from diet and lifestyle factors.
These causes include head injuries, pesticide exposure (Parkinson’s), hypertension, lack of sleep, and a poor diet, along with additional risk factors of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, depression, excessive alcohol use and tobacco use1.
How can I improve my brain health and reduce my risk of cognitive decline?
Exercise your brain and body
Lifestyle factors can reduce your risk of cognitive decline and even improve cognitive function. These include engaging in leisure and physical activities, playing a sport, listening to music, and doing brain-taxing activities (such as crosswords)1,2.
People who regularly and actively participate in a variety of social, cultural, and intellectual activities that challenge them, experience lesser cognitive decline, perform better on cognitive tests and are less likely to develop neurodegenerative disorders3.
Physical activity shows a consistent, yet not always significant effect on cognitive decline and dementia4-6.
It’s likely that the effects of physical activity alone on cognitive decline are limited and that the best effects come from a combination of physical activity, improved diet and regularly challenging the brain with new activities5,6.
Get enough sleep
Not sleeping enough, or poor sleep quality (i.e. insomnia and lack of REM sleep) is a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia7,8.
It is recommended that people get between seven and nine hours of high-quality sleep per night.
Here's 6 ways you can get a better night sleep>
We asked five health experts for their number one sleep tip, this is what they said...
Eat a healthy diet based on natural, unrefined foods
There is a relationship between diet and cognitive decline and it’s likely that eating a diet (such as the Mediterranean diet) based mostly on natural, unrefined foods will reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia2.
In a review of studies, it was shown that following a Mediterranean diet was associated with up to a 48% reduced risk of dementia, and those with pre-existing Alzheimer’s disease had a 73% lower mortality risk than those who did not adhere to the diet9.
Increased fruits and vegetables
Increased intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with both a lower risk of dementia and slowing rates of age-related cognitive decline1-10.
However, subtype analysis has demonstrated that this effect is restricted to vegetables (and not fruit), with the strongest effects from cruciferous (like cabbage and broccoli) and green leafy vegetables10.
It has been further suggested that a minimum of three servings of vegetables should be consumed daily for this effect10.
Vitamin C
Maintaining healthy levels of vitamin C from nutrient-rich foods to avoid a deficiency (rather than mega-dosing) is likely to have a protective function against age-related cognitive decline11.
Omega-3 fats
The omega-3 fats EPA and especially DHA, play an important role in brain development and healthy functioning of the brain and central nervous system12.
Omega-3 fats are linked to reduced mental fatigue13, improved memory and cognition and reduced cognitive decline1,14,15, reduced rates of depression and improved structural integrity of the brain16,17.
Plausible mechanisms also exist to suggest a protective role for fish oil in neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease18.
Coffee and tea
Caffeine is a well-known cognitive enhancer. Evidence shows that caffeine improves attention, vigilance, reaction times, and problem-solving (especially in sleep-deprived people)19,20, and improved mood and reduced fatigue even at low doses of caffeine-containing beverages (≈1 cup of tea or coffee per day)20,21.
In addition to its acute effect on mood and cognition, caffeine-containing beverages may be protective against cognitive decline and dementia22, and coffee and tea are also associated with a reduced incidence of Parkinson’s disease23,24.
Tea constituents other than caffeine (L-theanine and epigallocatechin gallate) could also improve cognition.
A review of the research in this area suggested that caffeine combined with theanine (as found in tea) improved alertness and attention more than caffeine alone25.
Multi – vitamins and minerals
Many people do not consume sufficient essential and secondary nutrients from diet alone26,27.
Multivitamin/mineral supplements have resulted in improved cognitive and memory performance in trials and reduced stress and anxiety28,29, and it is likely that supporting nutrient-sufficiency of the diet could improve long-term brain health and reduce cognitive decline.
Medium-chain triglycerides
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) are naturally occurring fats found in small amounts in dairy products and greater amounts in coconut oil.
They are also commonly used as isolated supplement oils. MCT supplemented diets improve mental performance in those with Alzheimer’s Disease and age-related cognitive decline30,31, and a single dose of 20g MCT has been shown to improve cognition32.
Lion’s mane mushroom
Lion’s mane or Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom native to North America, Europe and Asia belonging to the tooth fungus group.
Lion’s Mane has been shown to increase ‘nerve growth factor’33, which helps nerves and brain cells to grow and repair34-39.
Because of this brain-repair effect, lion’s mane is being considered as one of the most promising preventatives for dementia and cognitive decline40,41.
It’s also been demonstrated to significantly reduce depression and anxiety35, as well as improve cognitive function42.
There is also evidence for a range of other nootropic or cognitive ‘boosting’ supplements which may help to prevent cognitive decline.
See our article on nootropics to find out what they are and how they may help.
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References
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The information provided in this article is intended for educational purposes only and is general advice. It should not, nor is it intended to be, relied on as a substitute for individual medical advice or care. If the contents of this, or any other of the blogs in this series raises any concerns or questions regarding your health, please consult a qualified healthcare practitioner.
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